后备公猪的科学选育与利用

后备公猪的科学选育及利用直接影响猪场制种效果和经济效益,同时也能体现规模化猪场的制种技术与水平。文章针对后备公猪选育的基本环节和操作要点,从如何选种选育、科学饲养管理、合理配种利用等方面进行系统阐述,为规模化猪场后备公猪生产提供技术指导和参考依据。     

Comparison of the microbial communities of alpacas and sheep fed diets with three different ratios of corn stalk to concentrate

The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of ruminal microbial communities of alpacas (Lama pacos) and sheep (Ovis aries) fed three diets with varying ratios of roughage (corn stalk) to concentrate, 3:7 (LS), 5:5 (MS) and 7:3 (HS). Six alpacas (one-year-old and weighing 29.5 ± 7.1 kg) and six sheep (one-year-old and weighing 27.9 ± 2.7 kg) were used in this study, in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment. Total protozoa concentration was determined under the microscope; total fungi and methanogens were assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and expressed as a percentage of total bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies; bacterial communities were investigated by targeted 16S rRNA gene (V3–V4 region) sequencing. The percentage of fungi was significantly higher in alpacas than in sheep under the LS diet, while the concentration of protozoa was significantly lower in alpacas under HS, MS and LS diets. The alpha diversity including Shannon, Chao l and ACE indices of bacterial communities was higher in alpacas than in sheep, under the LS diet. A total of 299 genera belonging to 22 phyla were observed in the forestomach of alpaca and sheep, with Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes dominating both animal species. Phyla Armatimonadetes and Fusobacteria, as well as 64 genera, were detected only in alpacas, whereas phyla Acidobacteria and Nitrospira, as well as 44 genera, were found only in sheep. The abundance of cellulolytic bacteria, including Butyrivibrio and Pseudobutyrivibrio, was higher in alpacas than in sheep under all three diets. These differences in the forestomach microbial communities partly explained why alpacas displayed a higher poor-quality roughage digestibility, and a lower methane production. Results also revealed that the adverse effects of high-concentrate diets (70%) were lesser in alpacas than in sheep.     

Effects of dietary lipid level on growth performance,body composition and digestive enzymes activity of juvenile sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

A feeding trial aimed to determine the effects of dietary lipid level on growth performance, body composition and digestive enzymes activity of juvenile sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Diets with six crude lipid levels (1.9, 13.8, 29.1, 43.6, 59.6 and 71.6 g kg^?1) were fed to sea cucumbers (initial weights 0.65 ± 0.01 g) at a density of 30 juveniles, once a day. After 60 days, body weight gain (BWG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake (FI) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) decreased with increasing dietary lipid levels. The sea cucumbers fed 1.9 g kg^?1 crude lipid showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) BWG than those of the sea cucumbers fed 59.6 and 71.6 g kg^?1 crude lipid. Intestinal protease and lipase activities generally increased with increasing dietary lipid levels. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content of body walls generally increased with increasing dietary lipid levels. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of body walls reached the maximum value at a dietary lipid level of 13.8 g kg^?1. N‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acid content followed the same pattern of DHA. According to the growth performance and body composition of sea cucumbers, it can be indicated that the optimum dietary lipid level for juvenile sea cucumbers is between 1.9 and 13.8 g kg^?1.     

Dietary taurine impacts the growth,amino acid profile and resistance against heat stress of tiger puffer (Takifugu rubripes)

A 56‐day feeding trail was conducted to evaluate the effects of taurine (Tau) supplementation on growth performance, amino acid profile and heat stress resistance capacity in juvenile Takifugu rubripes (initial body weight: 32.28 ± 0.20 g). Tiger puffer were distributed into five groups and each received one of the following diets: each diet was supplemented with 0 (T1), 5 (T2), 10 (T3), 20 (T4) or 50 (T5) g Tau/kg, respectively. Growth performances were significantly ameliorated with fed diet T3 (p < .05). The Tau content of muscle increased significantly as dietary Tau increased (p < .05). Compared to the control group, fish fed diets T4 and T5 showed significantly higher concentration of triglyceride and urea, respectively (p < .05), while taurine transporter (TauT) gene and IGF‐1 gene expression increased significantly in fish fed diets T3 and T4, respectively (p < .05). After acute heat stress, HSP70 gene expression levels were significantly greater in the livers and spleens of T. rubripes (p < .05) fed diet supplemented with Tau. Levels of complement C4 were highest in fish fed 10 g/kg Tau (p < .05). These data suggested that dietary supplemented with taurine indicated positive effects on growth performances, amino acid profile and resistance against heat stress for T. rubripes.     

基于产量反应的东北一季稻推荐施肥方法的可行性

  【目的】  推荐施肥是提高作物产量和肥料利用率的有效措施。基于产量反应的养分专家系统 (Nutrient Expert for Rice，NE) 易于操作，便于推广。通过大量田间试验，验证了其在东北一季稻上的应用效果。  【方法】  于2013—2018年在东北水稻主产区黑龙江省和吉林省共开展了115个田间试验，每个试验包括6个处理:1) 基于水稻养分专家系统推荐施肥处理 (NE)；2) 农民习惯施肥措施处理 (FP)；3) 基于测土配方施肥或当地农技部门推荐施肥的处理 (ST)；4)～6) 分别为基于NE的不施氮 (N)、不施磷 (P) 和不施钾 (K) 处理，用于计算养分利用率。水稻收获期调查产量，依据肥料成本，计算净效益和肥料利用率。  【结果】  NE、FP和ST处理间的水稻产量无显著差异 (P = 0.185)，但以NE处理的产量较高，平均为9068 kg/hm2，与FP和ST处理相比，分别增加了344和196 kg/hm2，其产量差随着NE系统不断优化趋于稳定。虽然NE处理的肥料成本 (TFC) 最高，但其净效益 (GRF) 比FP和ST处理分别高1043和537元/hm2，这部分效益都来自于产量的增量。养分回收率 (RE) 均以NE处理最高，与FP和ST处理相比，氮素回收率分别提高了3.3和2.3个百分点，磷素回收率分别提高了3.5和3.6个百分点，钾素回收率分别提高了7.3和4.6个百分点。与FP处理相比，NE处理的氮和磷的农学效率 (AE) 分别显著提高2.7 kg/kg (P = 0.022) 和4.1 kg/kg(P = 0.030)，3个处理的钾素农学效率无显著差异。肥料偏生产力 (PFP) 的大小与施肥量呈显著负相关，NE和ST处理N的偏生产力显著高于FP处理 (P = 0.004)，ST处理磷素偏生产力显著高于NE和FP处理 (P = 0.001)，但FP处理钾素偏生产力高于NE和ST处理，并与NE处理差异达到了显著水平 (P = 0.028)。  【结论】  与以常规测土施肥为基础的推荐施肥相比，基于产量反应的养分专家系统 (NE系统) 的推荐施肥量和比例更符合作物对养分的需求，在吉林和黑龙江两个省份的大田试验中均获得了相同或更高的水稻产量。由于NE系统无论是否进行土壤测试都可用来进行推荐施肥，因而是更加方便和可行的一季稻施肥推荐方法。     

基于用户参与的科研院所机构知识库建设模式研究

文章以用户参与为理论基础,以融入科研管理为实践目标,创新性地提出一种适合科研院所的机构知识库建设模式,并以江苏省农业科学院为例进行了实证研究,该模式兼具传统机构知识库功能,又能体现科研机构特色、解决科研机构成果管理问题.在此基础上,还分析明确了适用于科研院所成果管理和共享的数据审核流程、元数据标准规范、功能模块、系统架构、管理运行机制等.     

动物防控检测工作重要性、存在问题和对策

近年人们生活水平和生活质量日益提高,对食物安全性提出更严格的要求,尤其是对肉食品的选择上。市场上各种食品安全问题层出不穷,严重危害国民的身体健康,也影响畜牧业的经济效益。因此,动物健康状况尤为重要,相关工作人员要十分重视动物防控检测工作,了解这项工作的重要意义,对检测工作中存在的问题及时实施可行的对策。     

加快安徽省绿色食品产业发展的措施

分析安徽省绿色食品产业现状,提出发展措施。